Saturday, 30 June 2018

Apple Maps: Grand plan to fix iPhone Maps app - BBC News


Engadget

Apple Maps: Grand plan to fix iPhone Maps app
BBC News
If you've ever used Apple Maps to get around, you'll know it often falls short of rival apps. So the company has now announced it will rebuild its Maps data using a fleet of specially-designed vans. It will also use data gathered from iPhones to power ...
Apple is rebuilding Maps from the ground upTechCrunch
Apple (Canada) - A letter from Tim Cook on MapsApple
Mystery solved: Apple vans gathering next-gen Maps data, grabbing Street View storefronts + 3D images | 9to5Mac9 to 5 Mac

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Trump admin ran 'pilot program' for separating migrant families in 2017 - NBCNews.com


NBCNews.com

Trump admin ran 'pilot program' for separating migrant families in 2017
NBCNews.com
EL PASO, Texas — The government was separating migrant parents from their kids for months prior to the official introduction of zero tolerance, running what a ...

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GM warns against potential car tariffs - BBC News


GM warns against potential car tariffs
BBC News
America's largest carmaker has added its voice to the chorus of companies and countries criticising proposed US tariffs on foreign cars and auto parts. General Motors warned the tariffs "could lead to a smaller GM, a reduced presence at home and abroad ...

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Trump to name nominee for Supreme Court on 9 July

The US president has five people in mind, including two women, and will name his choice on 9 July.

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Steel firm Thyssenkrupp backs Tata merger

The UK's biggest steelworks at Port Talbot will become part of the newly merged group.

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Donald Trump gets prank call on Air Force One

Donald Trump was fooled by a comedian into taking a prank call while on board Air Force One.

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US ambassador to Estonia resigns 'over Trump comments'

James Melville is the latest senior US diplomat to resign in protest at controversial Trump policies.

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Canada 'will not back down' over US metals tariffs

Canada also unveiled $2bn in aid to protect its steel and aluminium industries from the US tariffs.

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Newspaper shooting suspect 'barricaded exit'

The Capital Gazette gunman shot one victim trying to flee through a door he barricaded, say police.

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DR Congo: Oil drilling allowed in wildlife parks

Virunga and Salonga national parks in DR Congo are home to threatened mountain gorillas and bonobo.

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Migrant crisis: EU leaders split over new migrant deal

A deal to curb irregular migration was reached at a gruelling summit but leaders interpret it differently.

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Unknown 'hero' helps man who fell on Toronto subway tracks

A bystander took a picture of a Good Samaritan rescuing a man who fell off the subway platform.

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Adam Sandler: Wedding Singer turns wedding crasher

One couple were treated to a big surprise on their wedding day by a cameo appearance from Adam Sandler.

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Thai cave rescue: A country in prayer

Rescuers have been searching for a group of boys who went to explore a cave with their football coach.

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ICYMI: How a deafblind fan is enjoying the World Cup

Also this week - why Cristiano Ronaldo needs his sleep and a football-loving kangaroo.

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How can you dance without music?

The story of a deaf dance star.

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Mexico election: A grieving widow defies criminal gangs

Carmen's husband was killed six weeks before Mexico's election - now she's running for office herself.

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'I'm on top of a speeding vehicle, please help me'

Dramatic footage shows a man calling police - from on top of a speeding car.

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Wayne Rooney's US welcome (versus David Beckham's)

The two ex-England players had slightly different welcomes, with Rooney heading to a beer garden.

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Maryland shooting: How deadly newspaper attack unfolded

A gunman opened fire on the Capital Gazette newspaper building, killing at least five people.

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Himmler's daughter worked for post-war German spy agency

Germany's BND spy agency acknowledges it hired Nazi Heinrich Himmler's daughter during the 1960s.

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Saudi wastes no time to rap at the wheel

Leesa A sings in the music video of her driving released on the day a decades-old ban was lifted.

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Polish charity gets huge phone bill thanks to stork

A lost stork has left a Polish environmental charity with a hefty bill to pay.

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The young Austrian leader sharing power with the far right

Is Sebastian Kurz getting too close to the far right as he pursues a hardline migrant policy?

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Little hope ahead of polls in Mexico's Sinaloa state

Mexicans will be voting in general elections on Sunday against a backdrop of record levels of violence.

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Thai cave rescue: Drones, dogs, drilling and desperation

A full-scale international effort is under way to reach 12 young Thais and their coach lost in a vast cave.

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Bringing Gay Pride to Africa's last absolute monarchy

The kingdom of Swaziland, now known as eSwatini, is holding its first gay pride march - despite homosexuality being illegal.

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Europe migrant crisis: Gruelling EU match ends in a draw

The deal's convoluted language reflects continuing splits on the issue, writes Laurence Peter.

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Capital Gazette shooting: Remembering the victims

Five employees were killed after a gunman opened fire at a local Maryland newspaper. Who are they?

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Indiana scientist discovers new 'translucent' spider inside cave

A tiny species of spider lived deep inside a cave in Indiana — and scientists had no clue it existed until recently.

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Archaeologists have discovered the 'crushed' Pompeii man's skull, and it will surprise you

Images of a man’s skeleton, apparently crushed by a rock during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius went viral after their recent discovery.

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Florida beach littered with 'hundreds' of dead fish, marine life

The bodies of many different species of marine life — such as fish, sea turtles, eels, goliath groupers and even manatees — have washed ashore on Boca Grande beach in Florida over the past week.

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Roman 'hand of god' unearthed by archaeologists near Hadrian's Wall

A mysterious bronze hand has been unearthed by archaeologists near Hadrian’s Wall in the North of England.

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Human sacrifices surround ancient Mesopotamian tomb

About 5,000 years ago, the Mesopotamians buried two 12-year-olds — a boy and a girl — and surrounded their slender bodies with hundreds of bronze spearheads and what appears to be eight human sacrifices, a new study finds.

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Amazing discovery on the seabed: Space treasure map leads to mysterious shipwreck site

A remarkable space treasure map has led explorers to a mysterious shipwreck site.

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Scientists have found the 'building blocks' for life on Saturn's moon Enceladus

Scientists have found the "building blocks" for life on Saturn's moon Enceladus, discovering complex organic molecules, according to a study published this week.

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Someone just killed one of the last remaining jaguars in the US

One of just three jaguars known to be living in the U.S. was recently killed by poachers. Experts identified the jaguar's pelt in a recent photo and say it is Yo'oko, a male jaguar (Panthera onca) that was known to roam the Huachuca Mountains in southern Arizona, the Arizona Daily Star reported.

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Venus aircraft could be in NASA's plans

NASA is interested in potentially exploring Venus' skies.

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GRAPHIC IMAGES: Endangered fin whales slaughtered in Iceland

A series of gruesome images captured by marine wildlife activists shows the slaughter of endangered fin whales in Iceland.

from FOX News https://ift.tt/2tMqhqw

This Picture of Geoffrey the Giraffe Waving Goodbye Is Upsetting Lots of Toys ‘R’ Us Kids

Former Capital Gazette Editor Says He Warned Newsroom About Suspect, but Police Said They Couldn’t Arrest Him

President Trump Sets Deadline for Supreme Court Nominee Announcement

New top story on Hacker News: Huygens: Scalable, Fine-grained Clock Synchronization [pdf]

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46 by otterley | 7 comments on Hacker News.


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Worried About Roe v. Wade? These Activists Have Been Coping With Severe Abortion Restrictions for Years

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147 by js2 | 40 comments on Hacker News.


The True Story Behind Woman Walks Ahead

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Tina Fey Joins Broadway Stars for a Concert to Aid Migrant Families

New top story on Hacker News: EFF Sues to Invalidate FOSTA, an Unconstitutional Internet Censorship Law

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‘This Is a Moment of Great Urgency.’ Former President Barack Obama Tries to Mobilize Democrats at Fundraiser Event

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The Supreme Court’s Union Fees Decision Could Be a Huge Blow for Democrats

New top story on Hacker News: Against privacy defeatism: why browsers can still stop fingerprinting

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205 by randomwalker | 68 comments on Hacker News.


The ‘Abolish ICE’ Movement Is Growing. Here’s Why the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency Was Created

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265 by crazysane | 207 comments on Hacker News.


A Father and Son Who Disagree Over President Trump Are Running Against Each Other for the Same Seat

New top story on Hacker News: An Easier Way to Build Alexa Skills Using Python

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147 by happy-go-lucky | 34 comments on Hacker News.


Dave Eggers: A Cultural Vacuum in Trump’s White House


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New top story on Hacker News: From Boy Geniuses to Mad Scientists: Americans and Science (2017)

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39 by tintinnabula | 13 comments on Hacker News.


Funeral Is Held for Firefighter Killed by Ground Zero Toxins


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New top story on Hacker News: I'm Scott Aaronson, quantum computing/computational complexity researcher. AMA

I'm Scott Aaronson, quantum computing/computational complexity researcher. AMA
543 by ScottAaronson | 281 comments on Hacker News.
Hey HN, We recently recorded a podcast (https://ift.tt/2Mwp3Hz) where I discussed my research, AI, and advice for nerds in general or people who want careers in science. We covered many but not all of the questions submitted over the internet so AMA!

Reason to Bow


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New top story on Hacker News: Show HN: The Program – A fictional podcast inspired by Hacker News stories

Show HN: The Program – A fictional podcast inspired by Hacker News stories
138 by I-M-S | 49 comments on Hacker News.


New top story on Hacker News: Eight low-tech ways to keep cool in a heatwave (2013)

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100 by vanilla-almond | 126 comments on Hacker News.


New top story on Hacker News: Apple is rebuilding Maps from the ground up

Apple is rebuilding Maps from the ground up
609 by xuki | 511 comments on Hacker News.


New top story on Hacker News: There's no limit to longevity, says study that revives human lifespan debate

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156 by mrfusion | 83 comments on Hacker News.


New top story on Hacker News: Debugging data flows in reactive programs

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167 by jacquesm | 11 comments on Hacker News.


New top story on Hacker News: Ask HN: What's the best way to handle internal tech support?

Ask HN: What's the best way to handle internal tech support?
3 by underyx | 3 comments on Hacker News.
My company has around 1000 CS reps and 200 engineers. The CS reps very often need to ask the engineers questions, report bugs heard about from customers, etc. Us engineers also get bug reports about the internal tools we've developed for CS. Currently, all this is handled via a simple Slack channel. This is actually great, since there's no bureaucratic cost to getting in touch, unlike with a proper ticketing system, and having actual public conversations is the fastest way to resolve issues. But of course, we started seeing inefficiencies in other aspects. The same questions keep being asked over and over again. There's an FAQ linked in the channel topic and it's automatically posted in the channel every 12 hours, but it's still not enough, we still get tons of questions that could be self-solved without engineers' intervention. So, that made me curious, how are other companies handling this? Could we somehow maybe auto-respond to Slack messages with the correct answer with some bot, or just come up with something that actually makes people check the FAQs before posting? Or is there some way better solution to replace all this?

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How to Steal 50M Bees
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New top story on Hacker News: Online museum of vintage, abandoned, and pre-release software

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New top story on Hacker News: Below the Surface: archaeological finds from metro line excavations in Amsterdam

Below the Surface: archaeological finds from metro line excavations in Amsterdam
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This Picture of Geoffrey the Giraffe Waving Goodbye Is Upsetting Lots of Toys ‘R’ Us Kids

Former Capital Gazette Editor Says He Warned Newsroom About Suspect, but Police Said They Couldn’t Arrest Him

President Trump Sets Deadline for Supreme Court Nominee Announcement

Worried About Roe v. Wade? These Activists Have Been Coping With Severe Abortion Restrictions for Years

The True Story Behind Woman Walks Ahead

Tina Fey Joins Broadway Stars for a Concert to Aid Migrant Families

‘This Is a Moment of Great Urgency.’ Former President Barack Obama Tries to Mobilize Democrats at Fundraiser Event

The Supreme Court’s Union Fees Decision Could Be a Huge Blow for Democrats

The ‘Abolish ICE’ Movement Is Growing. Here’s Why the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency Was Created

A Father and Son Who Disagree Over President Trump Are Running Against Each Other for the Same Seat

The Wee Gunmen of Glasgow: On Crime as Industry in Malcolm Mackay’s Tartan Noir

MANIPULATIVE LEADERS. Poor working conditions. A crappy work-life balance. Benefits? Don’t make me laugh. Apart from the illegality and violence, being a criminal isn’t very different from any other career.

Like most other jobs, crime doesn’t pay that well unless you’re the boss or indispensable to the boss. And you know the rule of thumb there: no one is indispensable. At least that’s the way Malcolm Mackay tells it in six interrelated noir novels, published at a gallop over four years by Mulholland Books in the United States and concluding in May with For Those Who Know the Ending.

“I don’t know if a career in crime is necessarily worse than any other, but it is more complicated,” Mackay explained to me in an email exchange.

Every issue that you face in a normal job exists there, too, but with the added complication of some good people wanting to put you in prison and other bad people wanting to take a hammer to your ankles. One thing I did want to get across is that working in the criminal industry doesn’t come with some incredibly glamorous lifestyle to compensate for the difficulties. It’s a grind filled with people looking to exploit you at every turn, and who will help and protect you only so long as it benefits them to do so.

Mackay has been telling it this way since the first clipped sentence of his first novel, The Necessary Death of Lewis Winter: “It starts with a telephone call.” In this case, it’s a call that many gig workers have received at one time or other — a client has a full-time position to fill and is wondering whether the freelancer might be ready for a steady paycheck. It’s three more terse chapters before Mackay makes it clear that this freelancer, Calum MacLean, is a gunman, and the caller, John Young, is the chief operating officer of a fast-growing crime organization headed by Peter Jamieson.

“This might sound counterintuitive and a bit daft, but I wanted the opening of Lewis Winter to seem really ordinary,” Mackay told me.

I wanted Calum to seem as though he could have been any young man and to have the phone call that sets up the interview seem like any employer looking to hire a person. It establishes, I hope, that Calum is an unremarkable person, even if he does unthinkable things, and that the industry he works within can operate in unremarkable ways. I wanted to show the gap between law-abiding people and criminals like him is perhaps not as great as we assume.

Mackay hails from Stornoway on the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides. But unlike Peter May, who made dramatic use of the sparsely populated, 130-mile-long archipelago in The Lewis Trilogy, Mackay chose to set the six Jamieson noirs in Glasgow, Scotland’s largest city, an eight-hour trek by ferry and car from his hometown.

“Perhaps it is an unconscious desire to escape my ordinary life here on Lewis and live in a world I don’t belong to, but one that is still entirely my own,” Mackay wrote in The Telegraph a few months before he won the Deanston Scottish Crime Book of the Year Award for the second book in the series, How a Gunman Says Goodbye. “I had an idea for a novel set in the dark space inhabited by urban underworld gangs. Glasgow felt like the right kind of place.”

In contrast to most tartan noirs, however, place plays a minimal role in Mackay’s books. The actual setting is what the 36-year-old author repeatedly characterizes as “the industry” — that is, the crime industry.

The crime industry is also the most pronounced motif in the novels. Each revolves around the Jamieson organization’s leaders, the employees and freelancers who serve at their pleasure, their suppliers, and their competitors. Straight Glaswegians barely exist in these books. And the cops, who often get the starring roles in crime novels, are relegated to bit roles, providing the crooks with information and, knowingly or unknowingly, helping them to stymie their competitors.

The first three Jamieson novels, which are known as The Glasgow Trilogy, are shot through with the remarkably unremarkable workings of the crime industry. Young and Jamieson are constantly dealing with the same kinds of competitive challenges, strategic choices, and personnel issues that executives face in every other field.

In Lewis Winter, John Young waits three days before his second call to Calum MacLean, the freelance gunman he is trying to recruit. “It’s also like dating — you mustn’t seem too desperate,” writes Mackay. “If you give the impression of hurry, then people will demand more in return.”

Meanwhile, employees are seeking to impress their bosses or replace them, or just do their jobs and go home at the end of the day. “A lot of people are attracted to working for Jamieson,” writes Mackay in Gunman.

It’s a well-run organization. An organization that rewards talent. People like that. They trust you more than they would a family business. Nobody wants to work for a firm where you have to be a family member to have a real chance of climbing the ladder.

Each book is devoted to a different aspect of work. “With Lewis Winter, it was the freedom of freelance work that comes with uncertainty and fewer protections versus the security of working full-time that comes with being tied to a job and employer you might not like,” says Mackay. 

How a Gunman Says Goodbye is about retirement, which turns out to be a fraught issue when the retiree is a hit man who not only doesn’t have a life outside the job but also knows that a gold watch and a pension probably aren’t in the cards. In the last installment of the initial trilogy, The Sudden Arrival of Violence, the issue is how to leave a job once you’ve realized the price you’ll end up paying if you keep it.

The last three Jamieson novels are less of a set piece, which is unsurprising considering the publishing demands that Mackay probably faced when his first book appeared on the shortlists for several crime novel prizes and UK reviewers heralded him as a rising star in the noir firmament. But in these books, too, the Jamieson organization remains the principal setting, and the businesslike nature of the crime industry the central motif.

In The Night the Rich Men Burned, Mackay tells a tale of two young friends — one smart and ambitious and the other, well, enthusiastic — breaking into the industry together. In Every Night I Dream of Hell, mentoring is the subject as an experienced veteran teaches work habits, good and bad, to a high-potential employee, who isn’t entirely comfortable with where his potential is taking him. And now, in For Those Who Know the Ending, the focal point, says Mackay, “is the outsider’s tale, the immigrant coming across and finding all his hard-earned skills being disrespected because they were earned elsewhere and having to start at the bottom of the heap again.”

Mackay wants us to recognize that the profit motive connects the industry of crime to every other industry. “Ultimately a business, legitimate or not, depends on its ability to make money. In the criminal world it may be more urgent, employees more disposable in the pursuit of fast money, but that extends to clean business as well,” he says. “For all the ‘do no evil’ slogans and friendly atmosphere companies try to portray, the truth is that if you can’t generate revenue to pay staff and costs, then you just don’t have a business.”

Time and again in the books, profit drives management decisions. “Marty Jones is a lot of things,” Mackay writes in The Sudden Arrival of Violence. “He’s a pimp, for one thing. A loan-shark, too. Has his fingers in all sorts of pies, as it happens. Has a knack for making good money, fast. It’s the one thing that keeps him popular.” It is also why Marty gets a reprimand instead of broken bones when he is discovered doing a bit of business on the side without cutting in the Jamieson organization.

But Mackay isn’t trying to normalize the criminal underworld. Although many of the characters in the Jamieson novels have the same desires and hopes and regrets as we do, they all have various forms of what the American Psychiatric Association defines as “antisocial personality disorders.” The business language they use and the professionalism with which they approach their jobs are just a sanitizing wrapper.

“There’s a degree of playing dress up with these characters, always trying to present themselves as something they’re not. In part that’s to hide the truth from others, a necessary defense, but it’s also lying to themselves,” says Mackay.

Very few people want to think of themselves as the bad guy. The belief that you can separate yourself from your work, not be stained by it, or that so long as it’s contained within a criminal bubble, then it’s not so bad, are the sort of lies people tell to convince themselves that they’re essentially neutral cogs in a machine controlled by someone else. They are cogs, but they have the ability to break the machine and choose not to. They’re the bad guys.

Nate Colgan, a gunman and the central character in the only book in the series written in first person, Every Night I Dream of Hell, knows this. For all his regrets about not spending enough time with his daughter and what she might think when she inevitably discovers what he does for the Jamieson organization, his job rarely gives him pause.

“There I was, standing in that abandoned workshop with some kid I was willing to torture to help an employer,” Mackay has Colgan tell us, after explaining that he became a criminal because he didn’t like his job prospects in the straight world. “Not once did the thought run through my mind that it really wasn’t any better than the life I’d turned my back on. Certainly didn’t occur to me that it was far worse.”

Indeed. By the time I got to the end of the six Jamieson novels, I felt much like I did when I finished watching the sixth and final season of The Sopranos. I was exhausted by the business of crime and disgusted by the people working within it. Mackay may have felt the same way: his seventh novel, In the Cage Where Your Saviours Hide, is the first in a new series of books. It was released in April in the United Kingdom, and it stars a private detective in an alt-history Scotland — an independent sovereign nation that never entered into a political union with England.

“After six in a row set in the Glasgow underworld, I fancied a change, the chance to have an actually decent person as protagonist. I hope I’m not done with the Jamieson organization,” he wrote me. “There are a couple more ideas I’d like to explore, but I don’t have any plans to write them soon. So, it’ll be a very long breather or the end.”

Either way, Mackay’s Jamieson novels, and especially the opening trilogy, are a signal achievement. In portraying crime as an industry and populating it with characters who resemble entrepreneurs and executives and employees, he encourages us to question where we are drawing the lines in our own careers and in the companies for which we work.

¤

Theodore Kinni is a business writer who has authored, ghostwritten, and edited 20 books.

¤

Banner image by Giuseppe Milo.

The post The Wee Gunmen of Glasgow: On Crime as Industry in Malcolm Mackay’s Tartan Noir appeared first on Los Angeles Review of Books.



from Los Angeles Review of Books https://ift.tt/2KiiNGF

LARB Radio Hour: Rebecca Makkai and the Burdens of History

Author Rebecca Makkai joins co-hosts Eric Newman, Medaya Ocher, and Kate Wolf to discuss her heralded new novel, The Great Believers, which tells two parallel and inter-related stories: one of the AIDS epidemic ravaging the Chicago gay community in the 1980s; the other, set in Paris in 2015, about a woman, Fiona, searching for her daughter, who has joined a cult. The connection is Fiona, who had become a caretaker for the men dying 30 years earlier in Chicago. Rebecca explains how she arrived at such a complex narrative structure (hint: it wasn’t how the project started); as well as how she struggled with issues of cultural appropriation versus historical alliance.

The post LARB Radio Hour: Rebecca Makkai and the Burdens of History appeared first on Los Angeles Review of Books.



from Los Angeles Review of Books https://ift.tt/2yX3vlA

Los Angeles Pictured

FILM FANS AND CRITICS are prone to conflate the politics of representation with the politics of production, sometimes valuing both over a film’s artistic merit. Excitement around the long-overdue hiring of female and minority artists to helm major film projects, for example, has led to a slippage whereby a director’s identity is read directly into the film text. This has made us more eager than ever to interpret mainstream movies, made under the aegis of Hollywood studios and following the formula of franchise blockbusters, as progressive or even revolutionary in their ideology. But not all films require serpentine interpretive moves to prove that they both reflect and affect history.

In Los Angeles Documentary and the Production of Public History, 1958-1977, Joshua Glick explores the production and reception of documentaries and films with documentary elements like The Exiles (1961), The Making of a President: 1960 (1963) and Wattstax (1973), which were tightly connected to the social reality of the city in which they were shot. Respectively, these films emerged from the everyday lives of Native Americans in the soon-to-be-razed Bunker Hill, the New Frontier boosterism of John F. Kennedy, and the community concert in 1972 Watts. Glick uses public history as an analytical framework and draws on rich archival sources to show how documentary film in this era was one arena in which ideas about the past entered cultural consciousness.

In Glick’s book, the commercial film industry’s top-down delivery of public history is embodied by Wolper Productions. This large production company made, among many other movies and television programs, documentaries like The Race for Space (1958), starry clip-shows including Hollywood: The Fabulous Era (1962), and, most famously, the historical miniseries Roots (1977). In so doing, Wolper Productions presented a reassuring history of the United States that comforted viewers and effaced current social crises. On the other side of the documentary field were left-leaning artists and activists that used independent film and local public television series to give voice to underrepresented groups and advocate for social justice. Many made work to be used by organizations fighting for Black Power, Yellow Power, the Chicano movement, and the women’s movement, blending entertainment with activism. Examples from Glick’s study include documentaries The Exiles and Chicano Moratorium: The Aftermath (1970), KCET program Doin’ It at the Storefront (1972–’73), and fiction film Killer of Sheep (1977).

This strict division between top-down and bottom-up documentary production may seem over-determined, but Glick shades his analysis by joining it with a robust history of the documentary film industry in Los Angeles. Glick traces a detailed history of the working relationships that filmmakers forged during these years. He shows the overlap in personnel among Wolper Productions, independent productions, the Human Affairs department at KCET, UCLA’s Ethno-Communications department, and the Asian-American filmmaking collective Visual Communications. By exploring the institutions and modes of production each employed, Glick’s comparisons of films about certain topics — the police, the Vietnam War, or the redevelopment of downtown Los Angeles — take on greater depth.

Chapters alternate between Wolper Productions and more independent makers, institutions, collectives, and universities. Formed in 1955, David Wolper’s company was a new kind of independent production company that capitalized on the waning power of Hollywood studios and the voracious demand for programming to fill the three networks’ schedules. While Wolper Productions also co-produced theatrical films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971) and sitcoms Chico and the Man (1974–’78) and Welcome Back, Kotter (1975–’79), Glick concentrates on the studio’s television documentaries. He makes the strong case that these documentaries were largely responsible for burnishing the image, and then the memory, of President Kennedy. This direct relationship with political power continued, with Wolper producing a (shelved) film for the 1968 Democratic National Convention, serving on President Gerald Ford’s American Revolution Bicentennial Advisory Council, and planning the opening and closing ceremonies of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics.

Glick’s second chapter outlines filmmaker Kent Mackenzie’s career, and it serves as a guide for understanding subsequent chapters about filmmakers working in both independent and studio contexts. Mackenzie’s USC thesis film, Bunker Hill — 1956 (1956), is a short, traditional expository documentary that argued against the redevelopment of Bunker Hill and the displacement of its elderly population. Mackenzie continued to work in the same geographic area on his more well-known film The Exiles, but he used a different style and focused on a different group. The Exiles is a poetic documentary that about three American Indians living in Bunker Hill. Influenced by the French New Wave, The Exiles is not an activist film. Rather, its political valance is implicit: the film renders American Indians as complex characters, dignifying their daily struggles and relationship to their heritage. Mackenzie drew on his filmmaking community to complete the independent project. At the same time, he worked for Wolper Productions and the United States Information Agency. While these assignments constrained his filmmaking practice and were made for very different exhibition contexts, it is interesting to note the similarities between Mackenzie’s independent production and his work for the USIA. A Skill for Molina (1964), for example, is a lyrical portrait of a Chicano man enrolled in a job-training program in order to better his and his family’s life. Somewhat formally similar to The Exiles, the USIA circulated A Skill for Molina around the world not as an independent, arthouse film, but as proof of the American dream in action.

While the beginning of Los Angeles Documentary highlights documentaries made by white male filmmakers, Glick similarly details the people and institutions that developed and supported marginalized people’s ability to represent themselves in media. KCET’s Human Affairs department, for example, was a key framework for making community-engaged documentaries and nonfiction series at the newly formed public television station. Jesús Salvador Treviño made documentaries like Chicano Moratorium: The Aftermath (1970), about a march against the Vietnam War that drew 20,000 Chicanos to Los Angeles; América Tropical (1971), about the 1932 creation of a controversial mural by artist David Alfaro Siqueiros; and Yo Soy Chicano (1972), which tells the history of Chicano people from pre-Columbian times to the present. Sue Booker took a different tack with a local series for KCET called Doin’ It at the Storefront (1972–’73). Shot in a “storefront” studio in South Central, this was more than a public television show: the studio’s open-door policy invited residents from the predominantly black community to bring news stories in, and it also served as a community center for meetings about health, education, and the arts.

The black independent film movement nurtured by the Ethno-Communications program at UCLA, commonly known as the L.A. Rebellion, has received well-deserved attention recently. Beginning with the 2007 restoration of the 1977 film Killer of Sheep (dir. Charles Burnett), film series and books like L.A. Rebellion: Creating a New Black Cinema have encouraged more people to view the work of artists like Burnett, Billy Woodberry, Julie Dash, and Haile Gerima. But Glick emphasizes that there were other minority filmmaking groups working within the same milieu. In 1970, Robert Nakamura, Eddie Wong, Duane Kubo, and Alan Ohashi formed the collective Visual Communications (VC) to make and show work about Asian-American identity. They screened their films, including Manzanar (1971), about a Japanese internment camp, and Wong Sinsaang (1971), about Wong’s father’s public and private life, at churches, community centers, and elementary schools. They also led post-screening discussions, interacting with their audience and community in ways that a television broadcast would preclude.

Glick does not shy away from discussing films made for political advocacy that ultimately did not serve that purpose. The short-lived filmmaking collective Los Angeles Newsreel, an outpost of the San Francisco–based California Newsreel, made Repression (1970) with and for the L.A. chapter of the Black Panthers. It portrays the Panthers’ programs for helping the black community in South Central and argues for working people of all races to band together in an armed resistance. However, when it was completed, the Panthers deemed the film too militant to be used for recruitment or education.

He also tackles the complicated history of Wattstax, a documentary of the 1972 Watts Summer Festival concert and a portrait of the Watts community. This was a high-stakes project for both Stax Records, which was trying to get into the movie business, and the studio they partnered with, Wolper Productions. Though Wolper Productions was hired for its expertise in the field of documentary filmmaking, Stax executives retained editorial control of the film, ensuring that it would represent Stax musicians and the community of Watts in the proper light.

Glick continues his investigation into Wolper Productions’s approach to black-themed stories with Roots. He traces the development of the project, from its spark in a conversation between Wolper and Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee, to efforts to include African-American writers and directors in the production. The extremely popular miniseries, based on Alex Haley’s best seller, undoubtedly influenced viewers’ understanding of America’s legacy of slavery. Glick also compares Roots to Killer of Sheep. At this point, Glick is on shaky ground. The framework of public history is not strong enough to support comparisons between fiction films made in different modes of production, within different genres, and for different taste cultures. It is not surprising, nor particularly illuminating, that a big-budget, multipart production made for television and an independently made MFA thesis film have different ideological bents. The comparison also detracts from the focus on ostensible documentary films. Nevertheless, since both films about black experience were completed in Los Angeles in the same year, mentioning them in the same breath evokes the wide range of work being made at any one time.

And ultimately, that is Los Angeles Documentary’s greatest contribution: by detailing the profusion of documentaries made in Los Angeles during this time period, it is an argument against the press releases and tweets that claim one popular film or television show captures the zeitgeist. Instead, Glick shows how groups struggle to take ownership of the current moment by producing, distributing, and exhibiting documentary media. The book is an encouragement to engage, now, with documentaries being made at the grassroots level by activist filmmakers and collectives, rather than waiting for the glossy, neutered account of the struggle.

¤

Nora Stone is a PhD candidate in film at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

The post Los Angeles Pictured appeared first on Los Angeles Review of Books.



from Los Angeles Review of Books https://ift.tt/2tH70rh

Who Is a Beneficiary? You Are.

IT’S SPRING IN COPENHAGEN and I am once again smitten with this city, thankful for whatever good luck has washed me up here. The canals are clearer than urban waterways have any right to be; the parks glow green and play host to hoards of healthy-looking children. By mid-afternoon the grass is speckled with workers who see the good weather as reason enough to clock out early.

I’ve felt this rush of gratitude before. In pretty university towns and along the North American shorelines, spring has also been a time of giving thanks for having made it through another winter. In Oxford and in Vancouver I have walked across lawns with my heart singing. But I’ve never done it without hearing the descant to my song, that unmistakable refrain: me-not-you-me-not-you. In the Ivy League towns where the workers who tend the lawns are bussed in and out from urban wastelands before dawn, the refrain is harsher: because-not-you, me.

In The Beneficiary, Bruce Robbins wants to make room for the note of guilt in our songs of gratitude. Who is a beneficiary? Robbins’s answer is that it is probably you. Readers of books such as his, and reviews such as this, can claim high-level literacy with all its associated and metropolitan comforts and liberties. They can also recognize their indebtedness to others — not just as a matter of unequal luck, but of systematic unfairness. Every object we use implicates us in the uncomfortable truths of the global economy. As George Orwell puts it boldly in a quote Robbins favors: “In order that England may live in comparative comfort a hundred million Indians must live on the verge of starvation — an evil state of affairs, but you acquiesce in it every time you step in a taxi or eat a plate of strawberries and cream.”

The object of Robbins’s analysis, however, is not the history or logic of this 20th-century world system; nor is it the role of literature or criticism in mediating it. He brings together a range of critics, from Orwell to Naomi Klein, John Berger, and Larissa MacFarquhar, who have made thinking about global unfairness the signature of their work. His own topic, however, remains the more practically modest and more ethically tricky question of how we should evaluate the intellectual work of systemic thinking that gets done by beneficiaries.

There is little doubt that Robbins wants to assess this tradition positively. He is not interested in the novelists or filmmakers whose plots just happen to circumnavigate the world, or the diplomats, entrepreneurs, and market researchers whose reports and correspondence register with more pragmatic intent the ways the fortunate profit from less fortunate lives. His cases are writers who have made an effort to describe the contributions of foreign laborers and offshore resources to our domestic well-being with ethical intent; journalists who write about global injustice in the hope of lessening it.

Yet The Beneficiary also shows why this kind of intellectual activity can itself be difficult. In Howards End, the 1910 novel whose anthem, “Only Connect,” might have served as Robbins’s own, Forster connects the dots between a woman consigned to poverty and her lover: an imperialist who rises to the highest social and economic positions that new money will allow. The relationship between the man in power, the people his company exploits, and his lower-class lover is a conceptual challenge for Helen, the liberal, independently wealthy character who confronts it. The idea that the man’s success might depend on the woman’s failure, or that Helen herself also benefits from their inequality, remain propositions as hard to fathom today as they were for Forster.

Robbins’s case in point is Naomi Klein, a modern-day Helen he admires a little wryly. Her No Logo tracks the London Fog coats made in Manila all the way back to her own neighborhood in Toronto. While Klein doesn’t quite connect this to her own fashion choices, or the publishing success that funds them, Robbins does, registering obliquely how immaculately she dresses and how well her books are placed to sell. Only connect, played properly, is a merciless game.

Yet if anyone can comment on the risks and virtues of writing so reflexively, it’s probably Robbins. He’s made a career of writing about his own good fortune in these terms. Upward Mobility and the Common Good debunks the myth of individual success by pointing to the role of a larger community, including the welfare state, in ensuring an individual’s health, happiness, and flourishing. It links the man imprisoned in one corner of the country to the family safely eating breakfast securely in another. And it ends by anticipating The Beneficiary, acknowledging that thinking beyond the nation-state might be necessary if we are to take this logic to its proper conclusion.

Robbins’s reputation as someone alert to certain kinds of international causes — boycotts, Palestine, Greek austerity — means he’s in a better position than most to open the life of academic privilege reflection. Of course, one might still ask: Would Robbins have gone, as Orwell did, to join a foreign civil war? Would Klein wear different clothes? What might make you stop, say, eating meat, or driving a car, or sending your kids to private schools? But The Beneficiary is not invested simply in exposing liberal American hypocrisy or telling us to put our money where our mouths are. Instead this is a study, in many ways a generous one, of the uneasy place we live intellectually, in that zone somewhere between “a recognition of global economic injustice and a denunciation of it.”

Certainly, then, The Beneficiary doesn’t get far in recommending a course of action that would make life better for all the people on the planet. It does recall some moments where global thinking has helped in recalibrating national life — for instance, when wartime rationing radically altered behavior on local scale, or when Greek islanders rearranged their spaces to accommodate Syrian refugees. But, more important, Robbins suggests, is recognizing that privileged people thinking about their own place in the world is probably better than one of them ignoring or denying it.

If this approach results in an argument against structural inequality, it’s delivered through an interesting kind of inversion. At one point, Robbins notes John Berger’s reworking of Che Guevara’s claim that a world of inequality might be bearable all the way up until that point at which it can be thought, beyond which it becomes intolerable. For Robbins, this translates, perhaps too quickly, into the message that being able to think about something puts one in a position to change it. He enlists Guevara as urging us to bring about this change.

The grass in Denmark really isn’t any greener than the grass in Princeton or Vancouver. The fact that it’s watered by well-paid people who see it in the light of day, who lie on it in their lunch hour, makes it better food for thought. But of course, there’s plenty that might be said about what it means to live in a country at the top of a global food chain: a country resistant to taking in refugees, deeply estranged from its own colonial history, and dependent in many ways on those lacunae for its own high-functioning welfare state.

It seems likely that in the near future, an early spring day anywhere, even in Denmark, might provoke environmental thinking of the scale Robbins recommends. At whose cost this dry land, this breathable air? Whose death marks my stepping into this life-affirming spring, having gratefully survived another year? Perhaps in the future tallying up the planetary cost of national happiness will become so painful we’ll give up that thought experiment altogether. But if Robbins has his way, we’ll not only still be thinking globally — we’ll live in a world that makes doing so tolerable.

¤

Christina Lupton is the author of Knowing Books: The Consciousness of Mediation in Eighteenth-Century Britain (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012).

The post Who Is a Beneficiary? You Are. appeared first on Los Angeles Review of Books.



from Los Angeles Review of Books https://ift.tt/2MvuQx4

Fox News Breaking News Alert

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Supreme Court Justice nominee coming July 9, Trump says

06/29/18 5:41 PM

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Capital Gazette shooting suspect blocked staffers from escaping rampage: official

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Friday, 29 June 2018

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Hi HN – We are Henrique and Pedro of Brex ( https://brex.com/ ). We've built a corporate credit card for startups that has high limits, an instant online application and no personal guarantees. Pedro and I built our first payments business in Brazil, Pagar.me, when we were teenagers. We came to the U.S. to attend Stanford. We joined YC W17 and realized quickly – even with a seed round in the millions – that we could not get a corporate credit card. We are Brazilian, young, and do not have U.S. credit. Even if we did have credit – we know that personally guaranteeing a credit card makes no sense for a business (more on that later). In Brazil, we raised $300K initially (when we were 16) from an investor that was willing to take a chance on us. In Brazil, even though there are 200 million people, there is very little venture capital financing and limited startup infrastructure (accelerators, resources, technical talent, executives experienced with high growth). We knew that $300K was all we were getting, so we had to find a business that could be cash flow positive quickly. It was easier to do that accepting payments online (which naturally generates cash), but it was an operational challenge for sure. We were able to grow quickly in Brazil because we hit the market at the right time, as ecommerce was transitioning to online payments and because we, better than any of the foreign competitors, understood the nuance of Brazil. Specifically on that point, in Brazil the consumer has the option to pay for any card transaction in installments, and that requires a cash outflow for the merchant. Pagar.me figured out how to productize that best to the online market there. When we got to the U.S., we assumed that the payments system here would be significantly more mature and sophisticated than it was in Brazil, however that was not the case. Particularly on the issuing side (banks extending credit cards), there has been very little innovation or using technology to innovate on features. That is how Brex was born. Over the past year we’ve been incubating and improving and just launched with an online self-signup that lets you get access to a virtual card in minutes. We waited to launch until we had this feature, as we know how much of a pain it is to go through the back and forth of online and paper-based applications. Brex underwrites by connecting directly with your bank account, which means we can offer higher limits than other cards, often 10x-20x more. From a software perspective, we rebuilt all of the payments tech from scratch, which we learned how to do in our last business. Even then, to build Brex it was still grueling having to deal with the obscure regulations surrounding Know Your Customer (KYC), heavy oversight from banking partners, and complexities associated with interacting directly with Visa. In doing so, we built awesome features like instant virtual cards issued to you and your team and we solved something this time that has been bugging us forever – the fact that you can never tell what a credit card charge is on your statement! We changed the data to give you the actual merchant / vendor and a link to the website. When we did this, we also realized we could do something really unique with receipts – because we know the actual vendor / merchant, we can match any receipt sent to us via SMS or email to your transaction immediately. No need to save receipts or deal with other integrations that have a huge delay between matching a receipt to a transaction, we do it in real time. Interestingly, from a technical standpoint, we did all this in Elixir. We thought it would be a good choice (and so far we are happy with our decision) because of the distributed nature of the systems that we built and we could rely on the Erlang VM to provide that infrastructure out-of-the-box. Our domain knowledge from Pagar.me allowed us to anticipate the system boundaries and therefore we could build our backend as a distributed system from day one. Another unusual feature about the Brex launch is that we are launching relatively late in our history and with a pretty significant amount of capital from our Series B. We launched the business at YC, but based on our background with Pagar.me and that we were focused on payments again, we raised a ~$7M seed round in Spring 2017. That round was led by Ribbit Capital – which we liked given our connection to Micky there and their expertise in Fintech. YC Continuity led our Series B. In both rounds, for us, it’s all about the relationship with the partner and firm, and we have been huge beneficiaries of the YC ecosystem. On a personal note, for us the non-personal guarantee aspect of our product is most salient. As I mentioned, we are foreign entrepreneurs who don’t have access to banking products in the U.S. It was demoralizing to come to the U.S. after being successful in Brazil and not be able to get a card – especially given how much activity, particularly online, requires a credit card. Personal guarantees mean an entrepreneur who has already taken a ton of risk has to further put their personal financials on the line, which even if the company pays on time, can hurt his or her credit. One aspect of the product that we’d love HN feedback on is the signup flow. We gathered great feedback from our beta, and we waited to launch until we had an instant signup product. In financial services, signup flows have meaningfully more constraints than do many consumer signup flows – particularly compared to those with freemium models. For example, we need to collect business information to comply with regulations around anti-money laundering and Know Your Customer standards, as well as ensure the customer’s ability to pay and set up autopay. These constraints mean not only a longer signup flow, but also one that integrates many third party vendors to do compliance, fraud and credit checks. The more integrations and data to handle, the more edge cases we need to be able to support seamlessly. It took a ton of engineering effort to get here, plus a lot of time enhancing our compliance processes and credit framework. In light of those constraints, we’re specifically looking for user feedback on whether or not the flow feels logical, intuitive and simple – and if there are adjustments to the order, text or design that could improve the UI. But we're interested to hear any of your ideas and experiences and discuss the Fintech space generally too. Thanks for taking the time to read this, we’re really happy to be posting here :) Henrique and Pedro

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The Long View: Surveillance, the Internet, and Government Research

WE FACE a crisis of computing. The very devices that were supposed to augment our minds now harvest them for profit. How did we get here?

Most of us only know the oft-told mythology featuring industrious nerds who sparked a revolution in the garages of California. The heroes of the epic: Jobs, Gates, Musk, and the rest of the cast. Earlier this year, Mark Zuckerberg, hawker of neo-Esperantist bromides about “connectivity as panacea” and leader of one of the largest media distribution channels on the planet, excused himself by recounting to senators an “aw shucks” tale of building Facebook in his dorm room. Silicon Valley myths aren’t just used to rationalize bad behavior. These business school tales end up restricting how we imagine our future, limiting it to the caprices of eccentric billionaires and market forces.

What we need instead of myths are engaging, popular histories of computing and the internet, lest we remain blind to the long view.

At first blush Yasha Levine’s Surveillance Valley: The Secret Military History of the Internet (2018) seems to fit the bill. A former editor of The eXile, a Moscow-based tabloid newspaper, and investigative reporter for PandoDaily, Levine has made a career out of writing about the dark side of tech. In this book, he traces the intellectual and institutional origins of the internet. He then focuses on the privatization of the network, the creation of Google, and revelations of NSA surveillance. And, in the final part of his book, he turns his attention to Tor and the crypto community.

He remains unremittingly dark, however, claiming that these technologies were developed from the beginning with surveillance in mind, and that their origins are tangled up with counterinsurgency research in the Third World. This leads him to a damning conclusion: “The Internet was developed as a weapon and remains a weapon today.”

To be sure, these constitute provocative theses, ones that attempt to confront not only the standard Silicon Valley story, but also established lore among the small group of scholars who study the history of computing. He falls short, however, of backing up his claims with sufficient evidence. Indeed, he flirts with creating a mythology of his own — one that I believe risks marginalizing the most relevant lessons from the history of computing.

¤

The scholarly history is not widely known and worth relaying here in brief. The internet and what today we consider personal computing came out of a unique, government-funded research community that took off in the early 1960s. Keep in mind that, in the preceding decade, “computers” were radically different from what we know today. Hulking machines, they existed to crunch numbers for scientists, researchers, and civil servants. “Programs” consisted of punched cards fed into room-sized devices that would process them one at a time. Computer time was tedious and riddled with frustration. A researcher working with census data might have to queue up behind dozens of other users, book time to run her cards through, and would only know about a mistake when the whole process was over.

Users, along with IBM, remained steadfast in believing that these so-called “batch processing” systems were really what computers were for. Any progress, they believed, would entail building bigger, faster, better versions of the same thing.

But that’s obviously not what we have today. From a small research community emerged an entirely different set of goals, loosely described as “interactive computing.” As the term suggests, using computers would no longer be restricted to a static one-way process but would be dynamically interactive. According to the standard histories, the man most responsible for defining these new goals was J. C. R. Licklider. A psychologist specializing in psychoacoustics, he had worked on early computing research, becoming a vocal proponent for interactive computing. His 1960 essay “Man-Computer Symbiosis” outlined how computers might even go so far as to augment the human mind.

It just so happened that funding was available. Three years earlier in 1957, the Soviet launch of Sputnik had sent the US military into a panic. Partially in response, the Department of Defense (DoD) created a new agency for basic and applied technological research called the Advanced Research Projects Administration (ARPA, today known as DARPA). The agency threw large sums of money at all sorts of possible — and dubious — research avenues, from psychological operations to weather control. Licklider was appointed to head the Command and Control and Behavioral Sciences divisions, presumably because of his background in both psychology and computing.

At ARPA, he enjoyed relative freedom in addition to plenty of cash, which enabled him to fund projects in computing whose military relevance was decidedly tenuous. He established a nationwide, multi-generational network of researchers who shared his vision. As a result, almost every significant advance in the field from the 1960s through the early 1970s was, in some form or another, funded or influenced by the community he helped establish.

Its members realized that the big computers scattered around university campuses needed to communicate with one another, much as Licklider had discussed in his 1960 paper. In 1967, one of his successors at ARPA, Robert Taylor, formally funded the development of a research network called the ARPANET. At first the network spanned only a handful of universities across the country. By the early 1980s, it had grown to include hundreds of nodes. Finally, through a rather convoluted trajectory involving international organizations, standards committees, national politics, and technological adoption, the ARPANET evolved in the early 1990s into the internet as we know it.

Levine believes that he has unearthed several new pieces of evidence that undercut parts of this early history, leading him to conclude that the internet has been a surveillance platform from its inception.

¤

The first piece of evidence he cites comes by way of ARPA’s Project Agile. A counterinsurgency research effort in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War, it was notorious for its defoliation program that developed chemicals like Agent Orange. It also involved social science research and data collection under the guidance of an intelligence operative named William Godel, head of ARPA’s classified efforts under the Office of Foreign Developments. On more than one occasion, Levine asserts or at least suggests that Licklider and Godel’s efforts were somehow insidiously intertwined, and that Licklider’s computing research in his division of ARPA had something to do with Project Agile. Despite arguing that this is clear from “pages and pages of released and declassified government files,” Levine cites only one such document as supporting evidence for this claim. It shows how Godel, who at one point had surplus funds, transferred money from his group to Licklider’s department when the latter was over budget.

This doesn’t pass the sniff test. Given the freewheeling nature of ARPA’s funding and management in the early days, such a transfer should come as no surprise. On its own, it doesn’t suggest a direct link in terms of research efforts. Years later, Taylor asked his boss at ARPA to fund the ARPANET — and, after a 20-minute conversation, he received $1 million in funds transferred from ballistic missile research. No one would seriously suggest that ARPANET and ballistic missile research were somehow closely “intertwined” because of this.

Sharon Weinberger’s recent history of ARPA, The Imagineers of War: The Untold Story of DARPA, The Pentagon Agency that Changed the World (2017), which Levine cites, makes clear what is already known from the established history. “Newcomers like Licklider were essentially making up the rules as they went along,” and were “given broad berth to establish research programs that might be tied only tangentially to a larger Pentagon goal.” Licklider took nearly every chance he could to transform his ostensible behavioral science group into an interactive computing research group. Most people in wider ARPA, let alone the DoD, had no idea what Licklider’s researchers were up to. His Command and Control division was even renamed the more descriptive Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO).

Licklider was certainly involved in several aspects of counterinsurgency research. Annie Jacobsen, in her book The Pentagon’s Brain: An Uncensored History of DARPA, America’s Top-Secret Military Research Agency (2015), describes how he attended meetings discussing strategic hamlets in Southeast Asia and collaborated on proposals with others who conducted Cold War social science research. And Levine mentions Licklider’s involvement with a symposium that addressed how computers might be useful in conducting counterinsurgency work.

But Levine only points to one specific ARPA-funded computing research project that might have had something to do with counterinsurgency. In 1969, Licklider — no longer at ARPA — championed a proposal for a constellation of research efforts to develop statistical analysis and database software for social scientists. The Cambridge Project, as it was called, was a joint effort between Harvard and MIT. Formed at the height of the antiwar movement, when all DoD funding was viewed as suspicious, it was greeted with outrage by student demonstrators. As Levine mentions, students on campuses across the country viewed computers as large, bureaucratic, war-making machines that supported the military industrial complex.

Levine makes a big deal of the Cambridge Project, but is there really a concrete connection between surveillance, counterinsurgency, computer networking, and this research effort? If there is, he doesn’t present it in the book. Instead he relies heavily on an article in the Harvard Crimson by a student activist. He doesn’t even directly quote from the project proposal itself, which should contain at least one or two damning lines. Instead he lists types of “data banks” the project would build, including ones on youth movements, minority integration in multicultural societies, and public opinion polls, among others. The project ran for five years but Levine never tells us what it was actually used for.

It’s worth pointing out that the DoD was the only organization that was funding computing research in a manner that could lead to real breakthroughs. Licklider and others needed to present military justification for their work, no matter how thin. In addition, as the 1960s came to a close, Congress was tightening its purse strings, which was another reason to trump up their relevance. It’s odd that an investigative reporter like Levine, ever suspicious of the standard line, should take the claims of these proposals at face value.

I spoke with John Klensin, a member of the Cambridge Project steering committee who was involved from the beginning. He has no memory of such data banks. “There was never any central archive or effort to build one,” he told me. He worked closely with Licklider and other key members of the project, and he distinctly recalls the tense atmosphere on campuses at the time, even down to the smell of tear gas. Oddly enough, he says some people worked for him by day and protested the project by night, believing that others elsewhere must be doing unethical work. According to Klensin, the Cambridge Project conducted “zero classified research.” It produced general purpose software and published its reports publicly. Some of them are available online, but Levine doesn’t cite them at all. An ARPA commissioned study of its own funding history even concluded that, while the project had been a “technical success” whose systems were “applicable to a wide variety of disciplines,” behavioral scientists hadn’t benefited much from it. Until Levine or someone else can produce documents demonstrating that the project was designed for, or even used in, counterinsurgency or surveillance efforts, we’ll have to take Klensin at his word.

As for the ARPANET, Levine only provides one source of evidence for his claim that, from its earliest days, the experimental computer network was involved in some kind of surveillance activity. He has dug up an NBC News report from the 1970s that describes how intelligence gathered in previous years (as part of an effort to create dossiers of domestic protestors) had been transferred across a new network of computer systems within the Department of Defense.

This report was read into the Congressional record during joint hearings on Surveillance Technology in 1975. But what’s clear from the subsequent testimony of Assistant Deputy Secretary of Defense David Cooke, the NBC reporter had likely confused several computer systems and networks across various government agencies. The story’s lone named source claims to have seen the data structure used for the files when they arrived at MIT. It is indeed an interesting account, but it remains unclear what was transferred, across which system, and what he saw. This incident hardly shows “how military and intelligence agencies used the network technology to spy on Americans in the first version of the Internet,” as Levine claims.

The ARPANET was not a classified system — anyone with an appropriately funded research project could use it. “ARPANET was a general purpose communication network. It is a distortion to conflate this communication system’s development with the various projects that made use of its facilities,” Vint Cerf, creator of the internet protocol, told me. Cerf concedes, however, that a “secured capability” was created early on, “presumably used to communicate classified information across the network.” That should not be surprising, as the government ran the project. But Levine’s evidence merely shows that surveillance information gathered elsewhere might have been transferred across the network. Does that count as having surveillance “baked in,” as he says, to the early internet?

Levine’s early history suffers most from viewing ARPA or even the military as a single monolithic entity. In the absence of hard evidence, he employs a jackhammer of willful insinuations as described above, pounding toward a questionable conclusion. Others have noted this tendency. He disingenuously writes that, four years ago, a review of Julian Assange’s book in this very publication accused him of being funded by the CIA, when in fact its author had merely suggested that Levine was prone to conspiracy theories. It’s a shame, because today’s internet is undoubtedly a surveillance platform, both for governments and the companies whose cash crop is our collective mind. To suggest this was always the case means ignoring the effects of the hysterical national response to 9/11, which granted unprecedented funding and power to private intelligence contractors. Such dependence on private companies was itself part of a broader free market turn in national politics from the 1970s onward, which tightened funds for basic research in computing and other technical fields — and cemented the idea that private companies, rather than government-funded research, would take charge of inventing the future. Today’s comparatively incremental technical progress is the result. In The Utopia of Rules (2015), anthropologist David Graeber describes this phenomenon as a turn away from investment in technologies promoting “the possibility of alternative futures” to investment in those that “furthered labor discipline and social control.” As a result, instead of mind-enhancing devices that might have the same sort of effect as, say, mass literacy, we have a precarious gig economy and a convenience-addled relationship with reality.

Levine recognizes a tinge of this in his account of the rise of Google, the first large tech company to build a business model for profiting from user data. “Something in technology pushed other companies in the same direction. It happened just about everywhere,” he writes, though he doesn’t say what the “something” is. But the lesson to remember from history is that companies on their own are incapable of big inventions like personal computing or the internet. The quarterly pressure for earnings and “innovations” leads them toward unimaginative profit-driven developments, some of them harmful.

This is why Levine’s unsupported suspicion of government-funded computing research, regardless of the context, is counterproductive. The lessons of ARPA prove inconvenient for mythologizing Silicon Valley. They show a simple truth: in order to achieve serious invention and progress — in computers or any other advanced technology — you have to pay intelligent people to screw around with minimal interference, accept that most ideas won’t pan out, and extend this play period to longer stretches of time than the pressures of corporate finance allow. As science historian Mitchell Waldrop once wrote, the polio vaccine might never have existed otherwise; it was “discovered only after years of failure, frustration, and blind alleys, none of which could have been justified by cost/benefit analysis.” Left to corporate interests, the world would instead “have gotten the best iron lungs you ever saw.”

Computing for the benefit of the public is a more important concept now than ever. In fact, Levine agrees, writing, “The more we understand and democratize the Internet, the more we can deploy its power in the service of democratic and humanistic values.” Power in the computing world is wildly unbalanced — each of us mediated by and dependent on, indeed addicted to, invasive systems whose functionality we barely understand. Silicon Valley only exacerbates this imbalance, in the same manner that oil companies exacerbate climate change or financialization of the economy exacerbates inequality. Today’s technology is flashy, sexy, and downright irresistible. But, while we need a cure for the ills of late-stage capitalism, our gadgets are merely “the best iron lungs you ever saw.”

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Eric Gade is a freelance writer and programmer, previously the project manager of the Declassification Engine project of Columbia University’s History Lab. He is also a contributor to the Encyclopedia of American Recessions and Depressions.

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“The Way Life Happens”: On Laura Esther Wolfson’s “For Single Mothers Working as Train Conductors”

IT’S RARE TO FIND a first book as accomplished and original, not to mention droll, as Laura Esther Wolfson’s collection of personal essays, For Single Mothers Working as Train Conductors. Yes, the peculiar title does have a raison d’être, as do all of the allusions and offhand surprises Wolfson treats us to. The entire volume is a loosely woven tapestry, its brilliantly colored strands of experience threading through, appearing and disappearing. It becomes the tableau of a life — until, in this case, middle age: Wolfson’s work as a Russian and French interpreter and translator (two very different endeavors); her professional travels; her two failed marriages and regret over being childless; her disabling lung disease; her discovery that being Jewish means more than a taste for good bread. And all these strands impinge on one another.

A more conventional mind might have organized the contents as a linear memoir, sauntering through Wolfson’s early publications in college (reviews of dance performances in an upstate New York paper after renouncing a career as a dancer), to her discovery of Russian and her long stay in Soviet Georgia, and so on and so on. Instead we find a far more shapely and entertaining work, imitating the way life happens and is recalled: in luminous fragments, echoing and prismatic.

This book, which won the 2017 Iowa Prize for Literary Nonfiction, is Wolfson’s first, but she is no newcomer to the world of letters. She has published stories and essays in literary magazines and been included in distinguished anthologies. But above all, she has dwelt on and in the Russian language, interpreting for “statesmen and scoundrels who were not infrequently one and the same.” Early on, when she could jet around, she dealt with “[s]tate banquets at the Kremlin, mafia trials, forgotten literary masterpieces, KGB files declassified under Yeltsin (later to be reclassified under Putin).” And she translated a book “on Russian obscenities and criminal slang, with the rhyming ditties.”

Later, when her illness required a more stable life, she took a job at what she coyly describes as “a tall building of green glass at midtown Manhattan’s watery eastern edge.” One needn’t be a world traveler to recognize the United Nations, where she rendered “routine staff correspondence, treaties, and reports” from French as well as Russian. She is wisely reluctant to name names when it comes to the realm of diplomacy, and she is just as reluctant to do so when discussing the alleged working methods of “a well-known two-person team (American husband, Russian wife) […] who retranslated most of Russian literature.” These are of course Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky, whose procedure, to our author, “sounds an awful lot like the way generations of schoolboys got through Latin and Greek by relying on a ‘trot.’ […] This couple can do over, yes, but can they simply do?”

The reference to the above couple appears in one of the more rueful essays, “Losing the Nobel.” She was offered the opportunity to translate two works by Svetlana Alexievich, the celebrated Belarussian compiler of 20th-century Soviet oral histories chronicling World War II, the war in Afghanistan, and the 1986 nuclear disaster in Chernobyl. “Novels in voices,” Alexievich calls them. The two had already met when Wolfson served as Alexievich’s interpreter at the 2005 PEN World Voices Festival in New York City and found herself euphoric about the latter’s extraordinary work. Alexievich must have been impressed as well, because she kept in touch and soon after gave Wolfson’s name to her agent. In spite of her boundless admiration, Wolfson declined the offer. She was not in good health. She had a full-time job she needed, partly for her medical expenses. “I chose my writing over hers — isn’t this what creative people are supposed to do, sacrificing whatever they must so as to clear space for their work? […] I had to live another ten years to find out exactly what I passed up.” She’s referring, of course, to Alexievich’s 2015 Nobel Prize for Literature.

The taste of rue flavors many of the essays: a wry, philosophical wonder at the turns life takes, at how we conspire with circumstances to make the wrong choices — which always seem right at the time and may indeed be right for a while. Wolfson’s first husband, Aleksandr, seemed very right, as did his family, who lived in the “hinterlands” of Soviet Georgia. His mother treated Wolfson like a daughter and stayed in touch long after the young couple had moved to the United States and separated. The marriage seems to have foundered for several reasons, not least of them language, which paradoxically bound them closer and maintained a certain divide. “We discovered that in the US, marriage conducted in a foreign language afforded certain advantages: we could stand at a shop counter discussing a prospective purchase without the vendor listening in and engage publicly in secret exchanges of all kinds.” But Wolfson suspects that her use of the Russian word for “garbage” to describe the broken electronic devices her husband retrieves from the street and fixes played a significant role in their breakup. Surely more significant than linguistic or cultural differences was the fact that during a half-dozen or more years of married life, Aleksandr was never quite “ready” to have the child Laura wanted so much.

Ironically, while Laura can’t wait to have a child, she assists her Russian sister-in-law, Julia, in the opposite effort. Given the scarcity of certain personal hygiene products in Georgia, Julia pleads with Laura to leave her used diaphragm as a parting token. “‘I’ll boil it in the big soup pot,’ Julia said, with a nod toward the kitchen, ‘to sterilize it.’ […] To refuse her request would be mean-spirited.” Years later, after her own divorce, Laura learns that her gift had been effective.

In her second marriage, readiness is no longer an issue: her lung disease would make pregnancy life-threatening. As she waited in a schoolyard to pick up her sister’s small boy, another child’s father gradually approached her and uttered a very 21st-century pick-up line: “Whose mom are you?”

Wolfson can infuse the most ordinary occasions of daily life with a startling poignancy, such as the above, or, through her vivid imagery, lift casual facts out of the banal. As a young woman exploring Paris she notes a house in Montmartre where the composer Erik Satie once lived and kept two pianos, “one on top of the other, giving new meaning to the word ‘upright,’ although in my mind’s eye, the one on top is, in fact, upside down, pedals waving gently overhead like the fronds of some giant houseplant.” Even a daily subway ride can be transformed: “The commute is a golden border at the beginning and end of each workday that sheds some of its shimmer onto the leaden expanse in between.” The magic happens because she reads and annotates a few pages of Proust, “the minute perceptions captured and sliced lengthwise to reveal their delicate innards and seeds,” during her daily trek to the UN.

Occasionally Wolfson’s choices turn out to be absolutely right; witness her pursuit of writing despite the difficulties it presents. Writing is not easy for anyone, but Wolfson’s health demands a protocol that with her ubiquitous wit she manages to make funny as well as daunting. The title “Dark Green and Velvety, with a Dusting of Cat Fur,” refers to her couch. “[H]ere I am back on the couch. Not the psychotherapeutic couch. Not the casting couch. The writing couch […] [m]y writing process now involves a great deal of sleeping.” Her seven-syllable lung condition makes it impossible to write “for more than an hour and a half without pausing for a nap. In fact,” she confides, “half an hour of shut-eye intervened between the end of the previous paragraph and the beginning of this one.”

Before she starts she places the essentials beside her on the couch: notes, books, tissues, ChapStick, flash drive, glass of water, et cetera. The great Italo Calvino felt the same way about reading. In his novel If on a Winter’s Night a Traveler, he gives instructions for settling down with a book:

Find the most comfortable position: seated, stretched out, curled up, or lying flat […] Stretch your legs, go ahead and put your feet on a cushion, […] on the desk, on the piano […] Take your shoes off first […] Adjust the light so you won’t strain your eyes […] Cigarettes within reach, if you smoke, and the ashtray. Anything else? Do you have to pee? All right, you know best.

But writing is more demanding, as Wolfson attests: “I open the computer and off I go: write, sleep, write, sleep, write. This is the ideal sequence: three stints of writing intercut with two of sleep. It adds up to some four or five hours of writing, spread out over six or seven hours total.”

Another essay tinged with faint regret describes her realization, in a very secular household, that she is a Jew. The only indication of this in her childhood is bread. Every so often her family visits an old bakery in Syracuse’s former Jewish neighborhood, now mostly empty lots, and comes away with delectable smelling bags of bagels, bialys, challahs — far superior to the Wonder Bread of her schoolmates’ lunchbox sandwiches. “Bread, I sensed, was a surface manifestation of something deeper, a difference that remained impossible to grasp […] Apart from bread, what were the other signs that we were Jewish?

Not until years later does she begin to seek answers, prompted by her living next door to a small brick building on New York City’s Upper West Side, where on certain nights well-dressed people gathered. Clearly a synagogue. Her interest piqued, she begins reading about and studying Judaism, even taking a course in Yiddish, which, oddly enough, given her talent for languages, she never masters to her satisfaction. She reads not only the Torah, but also the works of major Jewish-American novelists. Still, as with marriage, it doesn’t totally work. She never quite feels “at home in a Jewish house of prayer […] at home in the house of Judaism.”

But her studies lead to a friendship with a much older Jewish woman whose story is set against the violent upheavals of life in the USSR. Which in turn leads to a Russian émigré writer in Chicago, who in turn has a story of a Lithuanian. The ramifications go on in shaggy-dog style, deepening and widening, with no end in sight. When the end does come, it turns out to be a Russian memoir that needs a translator. This is hardly the first such occasion. Story piles on story as Wolfson moves along, connecting with anyone Russian who comes her way: cabdrivers, a masseuse, most with a tale or a potential book.

In the final essay, “Other Incidents in the Precinct,” she ponders, with the lightest of touches, her lack of success at marriage — why, what does it mean, should she even consider it again? She begins apparently far afield, yet close to the bone, as it were: “That spring, I went to my fourth dentist in three years. Why did I change dentists so frequently and so frivolously? My formative years gave no indication that I would engage in such behavior.” She can find no answers, but since her chosen form is the essay, questions need not have answers. They need only to take us down a beckoning narrative path — which includes her departure from her second husband, attended by the police, as well as her discovery of her father’s first marriage, before coming full circle to end in the dentist’s office.

Laura Esther Wolfson may not have managed to get all she wants, but she’s succeeded triumphantly in her passion to write. She has lived richly in two cultures and cultivated a sensibility informed by all that came her way. Her book is a response to her choices among life’s offerings. “My experience,” she writes, “though regrettably vaster than that of most people, is still meager as a basis for generalization […] Still, I will draw some conclusions, because what else can I do with these experiences now?”

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Lynne Sharon Schwartz is the author of the novels Disturbances in the FieldLeaving Brooklyn, the memoir Ruined by Reading, and many other works of fiction and non-fiction. Her third collection of poetry, No Way Out But Through, was published in 2017 by the University of Pittsburgh Press Poetry Series.

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